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托法替布属于JAK抑制剂,主要通过阻断JAK1和JAK3抑制被激活的炎症通路,进而抑制炎症风暴的发生。一项发表于《The New England Journal of Medicine》的STOP-COVID研究表明托法替布联合地塞米松可降低COVID-19肺炎住院患者死亡或呼吸衰竭风险。基于此,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)于2022年12月28日更新的新冠治疗指南推荐如巴瑞替尼和托珠单抗不可及或不能使用时,可用托法替布替代巴瑞替尼,用于需要吸氧的住院患者的治疗。WHO于2022年9月更新COVID-19药物治疗指南,专家推荐小组则认为仅有一项纳入289例的RCT实验证实托法替布的有效性,研究队列少,试验结果存在不精确性,对于重型或危重型COVID-19患者,不推荐(有条件反对)使用托法替布,仅当巴瑞替尼和IL-6受体阻滞剂均不可及时,才应考虑使用。
由于托法替布说明书和FDA警告发布的不良反应数据来自托法替布长期治疗类风湿性关节炎的信息,因此本推荐意见中提及的不良反应主要参考2021年发表于《The New England Journal of Medicine》的一项多中心、随机、双盲对照研究,该研究在巴西共纳入289名住院的COVID-19肺炎成年患者,结果表明,托法替布治疗后常见不良反应包括急性呼吸衰竭、感染、转氨酶增加、贫血、急性肾损伤、高血糖、淋巴瘤、肝衰竭、高钾血症。偶见不良反应包括腹痛、急性心肌梗塞、兴奋、肛门出血、背痛、深静脉血栓形成、药物戒断综合征、疲劳、头痛、高钙血症、高血压、低血糖、缺氧、心肌炎、恶心、静脉炎、精神运动亢进、肺动脉高压、发热、舌头水肿、癫痫发作、室性心动过速。导致临床试验终止的常见严重不良事件包括转氨酶升高和淋巴细胞减少。
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